To initiate transcription, the holoenzyme (RNA polymerase [RNAP] in complex with σ factor) loads the promoter DNA via the flexible loading gate created by the clamp and β-lobe, yet their roles in DNA ...

The dynamics of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) backtracking process is poorly understood. Scientists have now built a Markov State Model from extensive molecular dynamics simulations to identify ...

Markov Models for disease progression are common in medical decision making (see references below). The parameters in a Markov model can be estimated by observing the time it takes patients in any ...

Representative structures for each of the four metastable states identified by our Markov State Model (MSM; S1-S4) and connected by the top one pathway from the pre-translocation state (S1) to the ...