Freeze-drying, or lyophilisation, is an essential dehydration method deployed across pharmaceutical, food, and biological industries to preserve sensitive materials. The process involves freezing a ...

Richard Wood describes how the precise control and measurement of the thermodynamic properties of materials can improve freeze-drying processes Freeze-drying (lyophilization) is the process of ...

Efficient freeze-drying processes result in time and energy savings, reduced failure rates, and improved batch consistency. In a typical freeze-drying cycle, a product is placed in vials and dried on ...

A new process analytical technology based on impedance spectroscopy has potential applications for characterizing product attributes during the freeze-drying process. Freeze-drying, also known as ...