Abstract: With the rapid development of network science and technology, an increasing number of network security vulnerabilities have emerged, among which SQL injection is a particularly severe ...

Abstract: One-shot devices, such as automotive airbags, fire extinguishers and ammunitions, pose significant challenges in their reliability analysis due to their inherently unobservable lifespans.

When scientists test algorithms that sort or classify data, they often turn to a trusted tool called Normalized Mutual Information (or NMI) to measure how well an algorithm's output matches reality.